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Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu
The Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which consists of nine sites all located in the Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The heritage sites include two ''utaki'' (or sacred sites, one a gate and the other a grove), the Tamaudun mausoleum, one garden, and five ''gusuku'' castles sites, four of which are ruins and one of which is a reconstruction. The sites were inscribed based on the criteria that they were a fine representation of the Ryūkyū Kingdom's culture, whose unique blend of Japanese and Chinese influence made it a crucial economic and cultural junction between several neighboring states.
==History==
The construction of the ''Gusuku'' began throughout the islands at the end of the shell-mound period and heralded the Gusuku period〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_index.html )〕 and the rise of ''Aji'' Chieftains at the approach of the 12th century. During this period, people who had been living in coastlines along low-lying areas had moved to higher ground to build villages inland. Agriculture--such as paddy rice, wheat and millet--was developed further during this period. Groves called utaki were constructed within these villages to serve as sacred grounds for praying to guardian spirits of cultivation. Overseas trading was also opened when the Ryukyu Islands began to create a common culture. The existence of Sueki ware and Chinese ceramics excavated in the Amami Islands region is considered as strong evidence of its cultural development. At the beginning of the 13th century, a steady rise in the interests of the villages saw the emergence of chieftains who were called ''Aji'' or ''Anji'' and who occupied political positions within these villages. The aji mainly oversaw taxes and conducted religious rites. Trade became more developed and allowed the ajis to increase possession of good harbors in ''Urasoe'', ''Yomitan, Nakagusuku, Katsuren, Sashiki'' and ''Nakijin''.
The ''Sanzan'' kingdoms were formed when the regional aji dealt with struggles to defend their domains as their powers increased. The Ryukyus〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/002/003/e_satto.html )〕 were divided into 3 kingdoms, the Hokuzan in the north which was situated at ''Nakijin Gusuku'', the ''Chuzan'' in the central area which was in ''Urasoe Gusuku'', and Nanzan in the south which was in ''Shimajiri Ozato''. The ''Eiso'' Dynasty who came to power in the central Chuzan Kingdom declined during the rise of fourth king ''Tamagusuk''u and fifth king ''Seii''. In 1350, ''Satto'' ascended to the Chuzan throne where he reigned for 56 years. A legend〔Okinawan History Chronology. ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 2002. p85.〕 circulated at this time where it is said that in Urasoe there lived a poor farmer by the name of ''Okumaufuya''. One day he was walking down a road going home, he stopped in the springs of ''Mori-no-kawa'' to wash his hands, there he saw a beautiful woman taking a bath in the springs. ''Okuma'' immediately hid the woman's clothes and approached her, as it turned out the woman was a celestial maiden. The woman searched for her clothes but Okuma did not say a word that he had hid them, the woman in despair was accompanied her to his house. A couple of years passed and the woman and Okuma had children, a girl and a boy〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://www.japanupdate.com/?id=7622 )〕 they named ''Janamo''i. One day, the older sister was singing her little brother to sleep with a song about the celestial robe of her mother kept in the outhouse. Their mother heard this and regained her robe this led to the woman saying goodbye to her family. The story suggests that ''Janamoi'' grew up to become ''King Satto''.
A significant change in status for the period happened in 1609〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://shitokai.com/ryukyu.php )〕 with the invasion of the Ryukyus by the Satsuma-han of Japan. At this time ''Satsuma'' took control of the Ryukyus and placed the northern islands of Amami under direct ''Satsuma'' rule. Before this time the Sho dynasty had previously governed over the Ryukyu Kingdom.
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